The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in livestock production is of increasing concern due to the threat of antimicrobial resistance in both humans and animals. Results indicated that to overcome barriers experienced by key stakeholders, a carefully considered, evidence-based approach, incorporating behaviour change theory, is required when designing intricate interventions/strategies, in order to elicit successful and sustained AMU behaviour change. Five key themes emerged from the data: (i) knowledge and awareness of antimicrobials (ii) attitudes towards antimicrobials (iii) influential relationships (iv) resources and (v) factors influencing AMU. Findings on the psychosocial aspects were thematically analysed. Of the 1156 articles identified, 103 were retained for this review. Database searches were limited to articles utilizing qualitative and quantitative methodologies, available in English with no restriction on publication year. Therefore, the aim of this critical review is to investigate, assess and collate the current body of evidence to identify psychosocial factors including knowledge, understanding, perceptions, attitudes and behaviours surrounding AMU. Thus, ascertaining farmers' and veterinarians' behaviours surrounding AMU is essential to address imprudent AMU and generate behaviour change within the agri-food sector.
The agri-food sector has attracted increased attention for imprudent antimicrobial use (AMU) and its contribution to AMR. This was further compounded by the absence of governmental supervision and control on the use of drugs.Īntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health emergency affecting humans and animals, diminishing the effectiveness of medication used to treat illness. In addition to this, there was a lack of disease control programmes which probably resulted in a massive use of antibiotics to control endemic diseases.
The study also concluded that traditional farming systems in Sudan relied heavily on antimicrobial medication to control disease and almost half of the farms surveyed were treating their flocks with antimicrobials.
The study found that farmers and producers had a lack of knowledge about antimicrobial residues, their withdrawal periods and the risk posed by the consumption of these residues. It was found that 49% of the farms surveyed were on antibiotic treatment when the survey was conducted, whilst 59% of the farms had used antibiotics within the last 3 months. Ninety-eight per cent of participating farms comprised open-sided houses. Based on this information, a structured questionnaire survey of 92 farms was then conducted in the state in April 2008 to collect data on antibiotic usage, demographic data and public health awareness. This paper reports the findings of the census. Profitable Poultry: Raising Birds on Pasture, SARE, USDA, 2012 (free download) - This newly revised bulletin combines farmer experiences and the latest research to serve as a comprehensive primer on pastured-poultry systems.An initial census of layer farms in Khartoum State, Sudan, was carried out in late 2007 and early 2008 and found that there were 252 layer farms with a total population of 2 221 800 birds. Poultry Enterprise Budget, Center for Integrated Agriculture Systems, the University of Wisconsin - An Excel spreadsheet developed to help farmers make financial and management decisions about new or existing poultry enterprises. requirements with European Union requirements for free-range poultry programs. Production topics such as outdoor access, pasture management and predator control are also addressed.
Poultry Overview, ATTRA, NCAT, 2006 - Various aspects of free-range systems in the United States and abroad are presented. Pastured poultry production generally has lower entry costs and thus is attractive to smaller or limited resource farmers. Consumers demanding this type of poultry product are generally willing to pay more for the system, which includes raising poultry on grassy pasture to deliver a product that is considered by many consumers to be healthier and tastier, as well as more environmentally sound. Pastured poultry is a niche market that taps into increased consumer demand for more natural and humanely raised protein sources. The birds supplement their grain feed by foraging for up to 20 percent of their intake and are moved regularly to fresh pasture. Pastured poultry refers to a poultry production system that is characterized by chickens, turkeys or ducks being raised primarily on pasture.